spirit duplicator การใช้

• It was originally published by a mimeograph machine or spirit duplicator.
• The mimeograph process should not be confused with the spirit duplicator process.
• The spirit duplicator was invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld.
• Other methods of copying included cyclostyle, spirit duplicator, photocopying, and xerography.
• A . B . Dick also produced machines using the competing spirit duplicator technology.
• In the late 1960s, mimeographs, spirit duplicators, and hectographs began to be gradually displaced by photocopying.
• Spirit duplicators had the useful ability to print multiple colors in a single pass, which made them popular with cartoonists.
• The process that Wikipedia calls a spirit duplicator was commonly used in the schools I attended in the 1960s and 1970s.
• Prior to the introduction of cheap photocopying the use of machines such as the spirit duplicator, hectograph, and mimeograph was common.
• Launched in 1956, that publication was " Sata ", filled with fantasy illustrations and reproduced on a spirit duplicator.
• When this fell through, Tony Bath was able to purchase cheaply a spirit duplicator with which it was produced from May 1965.
• Spirit duplicator technology gradually fell into disuse starting in the 1970s after the availability of low-cost, high-volume xerographic copiers.
• It was common in the 1960s and 1970s for small political groups to " publish " study materials by mimeograph machine or spirit duplicator.
• The next small but significant technological step after hecto is the spirit duplicator, essentially the hectography process using a drum instead of the gelatin.
• The term " spirit duplicator " refers to the alcohols which were a major component of the solvents used as " inks " in these machines.
• Spirit duplicators were incapable of double-sided printing, since the saturation of the paper with solvent inherent to the process would destroy a previously printed image.
• Before the popularization of spirit duplicators and the mimeograph, there were mechanized hectography machines that used a drum, rather than a simple flat tray of gelatin.
• Mimeographs, along with spirit duplicators and hectographs, were a common technology in printing small quantities, as in office work, classroom materials, and church bulletins.
• Overall print quality of spirit duplicators was frequently poor, though a capable operator could overcome this with careful adjustment of feed rate, pressure, and solvent volume.
• Smith is known within fandom for his interest in and collection of antique printing techniques and devices, such as hectographs, letterpresses, spirit duplicators, mimeographs and obsolete computers.